Reformation for the Health of the Population Essay

Population health is an ever progressing branch of medicine that is fundamentally concerned with improving the health of a population as opposed to the sole health of the individual. Advances in technology continue to improve the average life expectancy, yet the American healthcare system is failing to evolve. Insurance companies routinely collect huge profits, yet a significant portion of the American population remains subject to poor health care. Reconstructions in academia and at the legislative level are a necessity if there is to be any advancement to our healthcare system and increase within population health. Medical training has proven to be insufficient in teaching students how to care for patients outside of the primary demographic to which they were exposed during their studies (Greenlick, p. 2). Future physicians should be trained to better understand the dynamics and diversified needs of the individuals from the populations in which they will be serving. Having a working awareness of multiple patient populations would allow physicians to better serve that individual and collectively improve the population. Socioeconomic disparities, ethnic variances, access to proper nutrition, and genetic predisposition to particular diseases are a few factors that need be considered to provide quality care. Reshaping of medical school curriculum to better prepare students to understand the distribution of disease, the environmental effects on health and disease, and how to interpret the needs of a larger variety of populations should become a priority in medical academia. Reformation is not isolated to any gender, ethnicity, social class, or age group. Health care reform remains a hot topic amongst the one-percenters, the bottom bracket, and the classes in between. Universal reforms need to be made in order to equalize our health care system. Quality care should not be about the bottom line for profit but about respect and concern for one’s fellow-man. The greatest opposition for reformation tends to come from a small, privileged demographic who is satisfied with the status quo and rather not pay reasonably higher taxes in order for the poorer population to access adequate health care. Legislation like the Affordable Care Act is in a sense socializing health care but its  ideals are a step in the right direction for successful reformation. Further clarity is needed to determine an exact methodology to make improvements in population health and the barriers that must be overcome for them to succeed (Eggleston, Abstract). Nevertheless, a financially sound method to fund health care for all should be implemented by the government. Millions of Americans are still uninsured or underinsured and taxing the wealthy to redistribute wealth and improve health resources for the population could alleviate some of the burden our system is facing. Insuring more Americans will prevent the uninsured from having to use emergency rooms due to untimely care of preventative disease which ends up being more costly and ineffective in the long run. Better access to health care for the disadvantaged would improve society on the whole as they would be better able to find and to remain healthy on their jobs thus becoming more productive contributors to society.†¨ In order to improve the quality of life for all, reforms in healthcare practice and academia need to be initiated. There is no room for political bias and unfounded claims for opposition if there is to be any improvement in the health of the population. Health care should be accepted as an essential human right, not a privilege. Social and financial factors must be eliminated when access to care is assessed in order to improve the health of the population and improve society.

Hunger in America

****** Willingham M. Handran English 112 Hunger in America We live in a nation where a large percentage of its inhabitants suffer from economic hardship and are left with no other option but to pick and choose between certain necessities over other fundamental needs due to a lack of financial resources. Many of these people are forced into having to choose between taking their life-saving medications or being able to eat for that day, while others simply have no choice at all.These people simply have no other choice but go hungry despite the copious amounts of food produced in this nation. Some of the primary factors responsible for this heartbreaking predicament stem from a lack of consistent public awareness outside of the quick fix Band-Aid approach during Thanksgiving and Christmas holiday food drives and other short-term feeding campaigns coupled with an inadequate job market for both the unemployed and the underemployed which causes poverty.Insufficient and inconsistent charita ble donations to assist those in need are also contributing factors along with the physical and financial barriers which prevent general access to food to a large population of children, the elderly and the disabled. Another high profile reason for this wide spread problem is due to the direct relationship between the increase in the cost of fuel and how it affects the price of food. Hunger is an equal opportunity destructive force which gives no preference to sex, age, race, religion or educational background.Food insecurities in the United States alone affect an outrageous percentage of citizens in the world’s most affluent nation, afflicting millions of Americans on a daily basis. Hunger in America is neither widely acknowledged nor highly publicized due to the fact that the United States is the world’s wealthiest nation. In light of the facts as stated by our government’s Department of Agriculture and in the minds of all hungry persons in this country, Ameri ca should be recognized as being the world’s most wasteful and irresponsible nation on earth.The United States disposes of billions of pounds of high-quality edible food every single year. Hunger in America is an egregious and inexplicable indictment against our society, and it has created an environment of extreme hardship and suffering that is completely inexcusable in a land where hunger should not even exist and where something more must be done to alleviate hunger in our great nation. Our Citizen’s Health and Sustenance We live in the world’s wealthiest and most plentiful country, yet almost 15 percent of U. S. amilies, about 49 million Americans, including 16. 2 million children struggle to acquire sustenance (Bread for the World). About 15 percent of the American population find themselves struggling at varying degrees from day to day in order to provide food for themselves and their families. Why, in the midst of plenty, are people forced to go without b asic necessities? Tens of millions of Americans are directly affected by this silent plague known as the American hunger crisis which is directly proportional to the level of poverty existing in the United States.As a matter of fact, â€Å"The nation’s official poverty rate in 2010 was 15. 1 percent, up from 14. 3 percent in 2009†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (Income, Poverty and Health Insurance in the United States: 2010). These proximate percentages between hunger and poverty blatantly illustrate the relationship between the two. Without poverty, hunger doesn’t exist. In the discussion of poverty and hunger, inevitabilities such as food, healthcare, basic and adequate shelter, utilities and transportation expenses are severely limited and some of these necessities are either cut back drastically, or they are simply inaccessible.One might have enough money to feed their family, but not have the ability to pay for their children’s health expenses or clothing. â€Å"The numbe r of people without health insurance coverage rose from 49. 0 million in 2009 to 49. 9 million in 2010†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (Income, Poverty and Health Insurance in the United States: 2010). The vast number of people without health insurance is simply another statistic where the figures are obviously too much of a similarity to be justified as mere coincidence.Without their health, how can any American citizen be expected to obtain, much less maintain an adequate paying job and continue to be able to provide sustenance for themselves and their families? Regarding jobs, for a significant number of Americans, the U. S. labor market is not very efficient and doesn’t work as a reliable way to create a steady career to provide for their families (Bread for the World). The job market in the United States has continued to remain stagnant with an unemployment rate that has surpassed eight percent since February 2009, and it has been projected that the very same percentage is oing to exist i n our country until 2014 (Understanding and Responding to Persistently High Unemployment). When the unemployment rate is coupled with the rate of underemployment, those who are employed only part-time but possessing the skills necessary for full-time employment, the percentage of food insecure individuals more than doubled. People that are having a hard time finding full-time work, and those who are willing and able to work, but who have been discouraged from searching so long has risen to 17. percent in the month of September 2010 (Record Underemployment Devastates American Workers). Far too many people are in desperate need of both food and full-time employment. Hunger in America – Hidden in Plain Sight Not only is it extremely disconcerting and an indictment against the government at both the federal and state levels, but it’s also a direct reflection of American society in general that the issue of hunger in America has not been given the recognition or public awar eness that is warranted for such a national and catastrophic epidemic.While there are organizations and individuals that continue to bring this concern into the light of the public eye, it is still neither adequate nor consistent enough to bring a broad awareness to our current hunger plight in this country. Members of Bread for the World continue to write letters to members of Congress to emphasize the severity of this situation hoping that those with the political power and clout will actually do something (Bread for the World). Many American children are at risk because they have not been recognized as being the victims of this national disaster which is American hunger (Lichter et al, 97).While there is promising news on the war against hunger, there are many more battles to be won. The House of Representatives recently passed the Healthy, Hunger-Free Kids Act which was signed into law on December 13, 2010 by President Barrack Obama (Advocacy). This legislation authorized the fu nding and set the policy for the United States Department of Agriculture’s primary child nutrition programs (Healthy Hunger-Free Kids Act). This is definitely a step in the right direction but much more must be done.For example, becoming an advocate for individuals suffering from food insecurity is critical to fighting hunger because it offers many ways to become active not only in important public policy issues of the day, but also within our communities (Advocacy). More focused and stringent efforts from the public and private sectors are necessary to keep this critical issue in the arena of public awareness since a large majority of the American population is completely unaware of the reality that almost 50 million of their neighbors, friends, family and coworkers suffer daily from this silent epidemic.Single Mothers and Others Among the several millions of people that do suffer from food insecurity in America, there are certain groups of people from distressed backgrounds that tend to deal with much more pressure than others when it comes to hunger and poverty. Fathers all over our nation are deserting their partners and children. In merely three decades, the percent of children living without their fathers increased from 17 percent to 36 percent, more than doubling the number ( Popenoe, 33). As disturbing as it may seem, the percentage that exists today continues to grow.Young developing children and their struggling mothers that strive to endure the difficulties of life without a father in the home or with an estranged father who doesn’t pay child support has resulted in huge numbers of women and children to be left in great need of financial aid. In fact, single mother families are the group of citizens that are most at risk. Their numbers are rapidly growing, and they are becoming the poorest segment of the population in the country (Dodson, 109). Many of the worst tragedies in situations like these are the children that go to bed without enough to eat at night.Millions of children are left to sit in hunger and are helpless because their guardians cannot provide an adequate amount of food for their nourishment. In fact, one in five children or 20 percent suffered from hunger in the year 2000. That was ten million children. Even worse, three million of those children underwent an even more stomach wrenching hunger predicament where they had no other choice but to eat even less and were forced to skip meals due to a lack of food (Food First). A major contributing factor that has had a direct negative impact on these families is the seemingly ever increasing cost of fuel or access to energy.Whenever the price of oil and gas increases, every aspect of our economy is affected. The worst of which is the increase in the cost of food. Beginning with the farmers who require fuel to operate their tractors and other farm equipment along with oil-based pesticides and other chemicals needed for large crop production, this is jus t the beginning (Heinberg ). As manufacturers require energy to produce food for public consumption, they must increase their costs of production to cover the extra energy expense.The large semi-trucks that deliver those food products have to pay more for fuel, and the grocery store is forced to increase their prices in order to remain in business (Gas Prices Start to Affect Food Prices). While single mother families are at the top of the food insecure pyramid, another group of individuals is suffering just as much. These people are our senior citizens and the disabled who must survive on fixed incomes, the majority of whom depend solely on the federal government through social security payments they receive along with certain entitlement programs if they qualify (Sepulvado).Furthermore, the fact that the United States of America disposes of over 100 billion pounds of editable food annually is an ignominious slap in the face to the masses of hungry American citizens (Hunger In Ameri ca). Hunger in America – Conclusion Alleviating hunger in America may be a disheartening and seemingly overwhelming task, but there is an untold and extremely underpublicized confidence among many public and private organizations and individuals that it is possible with persistence and dedication. The facts are clear. Approximately 50 million American citizens suffer from a lack of food.In our politically correct society, the phrase ‘food insecure’ was adopted as a more palatable euphemism to avoid and hide the harsh reality that the wealthiest nation on earth is filled with millions of desperately hungry people, over 16 million of whom are children. Lack of consistent public awareness, inadequate government funding and insufficient charitable contributions, the unemployment and underemployment rates and the increasing costs of fuel are all contributing factors that continue to feed the national disgrace of American hunger.There are quotes from famous individuals concerning hunger that seem fitting to include and conclude this research. â€Å"Most of our citizenry believes that hunger only affects people who are lazy or people who are just looking for a handout, people who don’t want to work, but, sadly, that is not true. Over one-third of our hungry people are innocent children who are members of households that simply cannot provide enough food or proper nutrition. And to think of the elderly suffering from malnutrition is just too hard for most of us. UnlikeThird World nations, in our country the problem is not having too little – it is about not caring enough! Write your elected representatives and promote support for the hungry. â€Å"-Erin Brokovich. Another quote from the most iconic civil rights leader in the United States said this: â€Å"Why should there be hunger and deprivation in any land, in any city, at any table, when man has the resources and the scientific know-how to provide all mankind with the basic nec essities of life? There is no deficit in human resources. The deficit is in human will. â€Å"-Martin Luther King, Jr.The 32nd President of the United States said this about hunger: â€Å"But while they prate of economic laws, men and women are starving. We must lay hold of the fact that economic laws are not made by nature. They are made by human beings. †-Franklin D. Roosevelt. This final quote comes from a woman who many would claim was the most selfless individual in our lifetime: â€Å"When a poor person dies of hunger, it has not happened because God did not take care of him or her. It has happened because neither you nor I wanted to give that person what he or she needed. -Mother Teresa. Hunger in America is an incomprehensible condemnation against our nation. This social injustice directly inflicts extreme hardship upon millions of Americans and causes unnecessary and completely avoidable suffering simply because we as individuals and federal and state agencies are poor stewards of the food resources which we have in an abundant supply; yet we deliberately dispose of billions of pounds of good edible food which is more than enough to alleviate hunger in the most prosperous and the most powerful country on earth.Works Cited â€Å"Advocacy. † Lutheran Social Services of North Dakota. Web. 11 Apr. 2012. . â€Å"Bread for the World: Have Faith. End Hunger. â€Å"U. S. Hunger†Ã¢â‚¬  Homepage. Web. 17 Mar. 2012. . Dodson, Lisa. â€Å"Chapter 5. † Lost Fathers. By Cynthia R. . Daniels. New York: St. Martin's, 1998. Print. Food First. â€Å"Ch. 1. † Poverty: Opposing Viewpoints. â€Å"Hunger Is a Serious Problem for America’s Poor† San Diego, CA: Greenhaven, 2004. 19-21. Print. â€Å"Healthy Hunger-Free Kids Act. † Web. 18 Apr. 2012. . Heinberg, Richard. â€Å"Article. Soaring Oil and Food Prices Threaten Affordable Food Supply. Web. 19 Apr. 2012. . â€Å"Hunger In America. † Hunger in America Diminished by Gardeners and AmpleHarvest. org. Web. 19 Apr. 2012. â€Å"Income, Poverty and Health Insurance in the United States: 2010. † Census Bureau Homepage. Web. 17 Mar. 2012. . Lichter, Daniel T. , Vincent J. Roscigno, and Dennis J. Condron. â€Å"Chapter 7. † Challenges for Rural America in the Twenty-first Century. Ed. David L. Brown, Louis E. Swanson, and Alan W. Barton. University Park: Pennsylvania State UP, 2003. 97-98.Print. Popenoe, David. â€Å"Chapter 2. † Lost Fathers. By Cynthia R. . Daniels. New York: St. Martin's, 1998. Print. â€Å"Record Underemployment Devastates American Workers. † GOP. gov. Web. 27 Mar. 2012. . Sepulvado, John. â€Å"Rising Food Prices Could Drive up Rates of Hunger. † CNN. Cable News Network, 16 Mar. 2011. Web. 19 Apr. 2012. . â€Å"Understanding and Responding to Persistently High Unemployment. † CBO. Web. 25 Mar. 2012. . Vivek, S. â€Å"Chapter 8. † Global Obligations for the Right to Foo d. By George Kent. Lanham, MD: Rowman & Littlefield, 2008. Print.

Case Study: Out-Of-Town

This case study will examine four parts of out-of-town brown and the besieged probation supervisor. The first is what should Casey’s response be to the reporter concerning the agency’s recommendation. The second is if Casey elects to discuss her officer’s recommendation for some form of intermediate sanction, how can she justify such sanctions in general and in this case specifically. The third covers do you feel that the probation officer’s recommendation based on these facts is correct, why or why not.Lastly, which form of intermediate sanction would appear to hold the most promise for the offender in this case. Casey’s Response I would answer the phone and answer question with a brief conversation. I am standing by the decision the probation officer has recommended. The intermediate sanction is proper decision for a 23-year-old man who murdered his stepfather with a knife after suffering many years of physical and mental abuse. The young man had no prior record and had been an incest victim since he was 5 years old; he is considered an otherwise nonviolent person, a low recidivism risk.However, this call that I receiving from you, a well-known veteran local television anchor—a strong crusader in the local war against crime, is to deter me from agreeing with the probation officer. I know you know the young man will be sentenced tomorrow, but I want you to answer a few questions. Have you ever done something in your life where you could have been sent to prison? Don’t answer because I know the answer. Did this young man do something against society? Yes, he will and has payed for his crime. Intermediate sanctions are criminal sentences that fall between standard probation and incarceration.Intermediate sanctions can include house arrest, intensive probation, boot camps, electronic monitoring, and drug treatment programs. Intermediate sanctions serve a dual purpose in the criminal justice system. The reason I am agreeing with this sentence is because intermediate sanctions versus incarceration assist overcrowding and eases the burden from the prison system in the United States. I'd rather give him a chance than another prisoner who has killed several people for no apparent reason. The young man has been dealt horrible hand in life, and I think he can benefit from this sentencing.I think if this was your child, brother or even you would want a second chance. It is time for someone to help this man so he can become a productive citizen. The person without any sins shall cast the first stone. Society will get its justice, but a man will receive another chance at life. The agency has to make decisions that will be beneficial to society and the prison system. The sentence is not letting the young man go free, but he will sever in least restrictive setting to pay for his crime. Officer’s Recommendation And Such SanctionsThe 23 year-old-man who murdered his stepfather, after many years of s uffering mental and physical abuse, deserves an intermediate sanction. The probation officer has taken into account the entire situation to make this recommendation. The man’s several years of constant abuse, prior criminal record, and nonviolent characteristic outside of the incident are indications that the man may not react well to being in a prison. Intermediate sanctions are community-based corrections that are more restrictive than probation and less restrictive than prison (Potter, 2005).Intermediate sanctions are still effective because it incapacitates offenders enough to make committing new crimes extremely difficult, it is a deterrent to the desire to commit new crimes, and it protects the community (Peak, 2010). There are several options to employ to ensure the community is safe, and the offender is closely monitored. Intensive supervision, home confinement, electronic monitoring, and community correction centers are all different options that would be sufficient sanctions for the man and the community.There are several benefits to using some form of intermediate sanction for this case and future cases to come. Intermediate sanctions are cost-effective versus housing an inmate in prison or an institution (Potter, 2005). The offender has the ability to live in the community, contribute to the community, and receive support or treatment from treatment programs. By removing the prison facility from the equation, recidivism is reduced because offenders do not have to reintegrate back into society (Potter, 2005).Currently, this community is focused on the war on crime. The act that the 23 year-old-man committed is undoubtedly criminal. Furthermore, this department is committed to doing what is right. However, the 23 year-old-man is not the person to imprint retribution because he is also a victim. The intermediate sanction is not letting the man get off easy; he will still receive supervision and most importantly treatment. The man can make a pos itive impact on the community through community service and further supporting the war on crime.Probation Officer’s Recommendation I do not feel that the probation officer’s recommendation of â€Å"intermediate sanctions† is appropriate for the 23-year-old man. Although I do see that the young man was physically and mentally abused for years as he was also a victim of incest since he was five, he is still an adult. We also know â€Å"The young man had no prior record and had been an incest victim since he was 5 years old; he is considered an otherwise nonviolent person, a low recidivism risk† (Peak, 2010).I feel that the young man should receive jail time and not just intermediate sanctions. If he were a 13-year-old boy intermediate sanctions may be appropriate, but seeing that he is an adult I feel that jail time as well as intensive therapy and counseling is entirely necessary for him. The individual, although not stated, may definitely know the differe nce from what is right and wrong in life and he may have been able to at least get away from his father or notify the police of what his father has done to him and has been doing to him since he was a child.In some instances the individual may have been reliving the situations that his father had put him through and this may have triggered his response to kill his father; the crimes he committed are also violent in which I also believe intermediate sanctions is not appropriate for the young man. Knowing that the situation could have been handled a lot differently, the young man may not have killed his father and his father could have been the one incarcerated leaving the young man to seek therapy and counseling for his scarring of childhood.Since the young man was the victim to his father in previous and possibly current years, I feel that the individual should receive a sentence of voluntary manslaughter since he committed a crime without premeditation and leading to the murder he had a prior history of mitigating factors. â€Å"Mitigating factors show that the defendant poses less risk to society tha otherwise, so a lengthy sentence is unnecessary. Typical mitigating factors include the lack of a criminal history and the defendant’s acceptance of responsibility for the crime† (Thomson Reuters, 2013).While the individual receives his sentencing, it is vital that he also receives intensive therapy and counseling to help him cope with his actions as well as to cope with his prior history of being a victim. Having therapy and counseling can help the individual to adjust to his new environment and also be relieved mentally of being abused as a child physically and mentally as well as being a victim to a disgusting crime of incest as a child.It is sad to say that he went from being the victim to the murderer when things could have ended up differently for him and his now deceased father. Intermediate Sanction Intermediate sanctions focus primarily on nonviolent offenders, in order to reduce the costs of lengthy prison terms and to reduce the amount of individuals housed in prisons for minor offenses. In addition, some intermediate sanctions provide offenders with treatment options that the prison system is not capable of providing because of the current budget.In light of the recent increase in the prison population, certain alternative sentencing options currently exist in the criminal justice system. â€Å"Because many States are concerned about the fiscal ramifications of recent increases in sentence lengths for violent crimes, the combination of sentencing guidelines and intermediate sanctions has been seen as a cost-effective means to direct violent offenders to appropriate prison sentences and many nonviolent offenders to appropriate community sanctions† (Tonry, 1997, pg.7).In the case of the twenty-three year old man who murdered his stepfather, the intermediate sanctions alternative would normally not apply to su ch a case. In consideration of the current facts pertaining to budget issues within the criminal justice system, perhaps certain exceptions are of consideration in this case taking into account the offender’s previous record. The form of intermediate sanction that would hold the most promise for the offender in this case would be shock probation/parole.Since the offender has no previous record of any kind and considered a nonviolent person, based on his previous record, and is at a low risk for reoffending, and the individual does not pose an initial threat to his community. The â€Å"shock† probation form of intermediate sanctions provides the offender, in this case, with a brief exposure to prison life over a few months (which the offender in this case will not be comfortable with in relation to his non-existing criminal record). This sanction will allow the judge to reconsider initial sentencing and bring the offender before the judge to determine the outcome of the sentence.The overall concept of shock probation is to deter individuals from potential criminal behavior in the future, and provide the individual with a taste, so to speak, of what is in store for the offender if he decides to pursue a criminal life-style (Peak, 2010). Under the â€Å"shock† probation sanction, individuals’ need to obtain a sponsor within the community who will take responsibility for the offender’s actions, while communicating directly with the probation officer. Deming the applicant as a nonviolent person, the offender should have no problem obtaining a sponsor within the community.The selected sponsor is responsible for providing resources to the probation officer, such as providing transportation, compliance, and with legal standards, such as curfew and other restrictions, and to assist the individual with adequate shelter and maintain employment if necessary (Peak, 2010). Conclusion By understanding this case study it allowed for us to ex amine the four key parts around Casey’s response in relation to the Probation Supervisor. By evaluating all aspects of this case study we were able to identify with Casey’s point of view.When looking at any kind of response to the media, it shows you must be collective and precise in what you disclose. With the incorporation of the Probation Officer’s recommendation, intermediate sanctions are required in order for correct proceedings to be in effect. Fiscal ramifications often pose diminshing effects to the intermediate sanctions. Taking all these points of views into consideration, one will have more information to evaluate when determing interaction with the media and Probation Officers.

International Relations Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 1

International Relations - Essay Example Realizing the fact that this menace needs to be tackled collectively, a coalition of 136 countries came into existence to fight this new international manifestation. International terrorism can be referred to as the violent activities carried out in a country by any rival country either by means of physically participating in terrorism or by supporting or exploiting the local individuals through brain-washing or the financial support. It is considered as a new form of warfare thereby avoiding physical contact with rival country, hence ensuring safety of men and material that is likely to be damaged during physical war (Netanyahu and Mekhon, 1981). International terrorism is almost same in tactics and techniques like normal terrorism except for the one fact that it is operated from across the geographical borders. It involves use of terrorism across international borders for the purpose of destabilizing the borders or weakening the solidity among the people and their homeland. The un- guarded borders and un-checked cross-border activities make the terrorism comparatively easier. However the effectiveness of international terrorism can be controlled by a number of means. The most important tool available with terrorist organizations is the media. As in case of hijacking, the interviews of hijackers as well as the victims, broadcasted on media support the terrorists to achieve their goals by communicating their agendas to the world as well as showing helplessness of the government as well as security forces. The unrestricted access to media can help in sabotaging the terrorists’ motives and not letting them project themselves as brave people who are fearless to death (Panday, 2006). Terrorism is a global issue, which can only be tackled by mutual support of most of the countries. At present, United Nations is the only organization which is playing its role in bringing countries against terrorism on one grid and fighting the terrorism as a combined dilemma. H owever, there are certain measures which can be adopted at individual country level to minimize the effects of international terrorism. Pre-emption is one of the means to avoid terrorism which is only possible by gathering requisite information about identity, goals, objectives and likely targets of the terrorists and subsequently countering them pre-emptively. Once a state has been proved to be terrorism sponsor state, it should be isolated by international community and be forced to create unfavourable situation for the terrorists operating from their land. The other passive measures that can be taken to prevent the international terrorism, once they have been identified, are by disrupting their supplies and communications. Thereby rendering the terrorists helpless and without sufficient resources to generate any terrorist activity. Besides gathering the information about international terrorists and isolating its sponsoring states, there is a need to develop emergency response ca pability, so as to react promptly to any terrorist situation / activity that have taken place. The main objective of this response should be the damage control along with denying the terrorists’ access to unchecked media. The outcomes from such counter actions must be shared with international community highlighting the hand or support behind the terrorists and they should be brought to international court of justice instead of merely making a hue and cry

Man made Surface water drainage settling lagoon Literature review

Man made Surface water drainage settling lagoon - Literature review Example On the other hand, artificial, sustainable drainage systems (SUDS) for the collection and temporary storage of surface runoff, are constructed for the purpose of attenuation or reduction of released water flow volume as well as water purification. These include Basins, Ponds and alternative forms of attenuation. Thus, Basins are of two types: detention basins and extended detention basins. Ponds are of five types: lagoons, balancing or attenuating ponds, flood storage reservoirs, retention ponds and wetlands. Alternative Forms of Attenuation include the use of over-sized pipes as in rainwater harvesting, tanks, and green roofs. Combined infiltration/ attenuation systems consist of swales and filter strips (SUDS, 2011). Thesis Statement: The purpose of this paper is to investigate the different types of lagoons. The naturally formed coastal lagoons will be examined, followed by a study of the artificial surface water drainage settling lagoon, and the various types of surface run-off storage water bodies, legislation, their management, purpose and concept. Coastal Lagoons are Natural Formations Coastal lagoons are found on all continents, particularly in the low latitudinal zone. They occupy 13 percent of the world’s coastline. These lagoons â€Å"occupy shallow coastal depressions and are separated from the ocean by a barrier† (Kjerfve, 1986 p.63). They are at risk of being completely infilled by sediments, or separated from the sea by littoral drift. In the British Isles there are comparatively few examples of this type of habitat. The coastal lagoon’s physical characteristics and differences are predominantly based on the nature of the channel connecting the lagoon to the adjacent coastal ocean; they are classified as choked, restricted, and leaky systems. Choked lagoons have a single entrance channel which is proportionately smaller in cross-sectional area as compared to the surface area of the lagoon; they are commonly found in coastlines with medium to high wave energy. On the other hand, leaky lagoons have several entrance channels, and have a n aturally large ratio of entrance channel cross-sectional area in relation to the surface area of the lagoon. They are strongly influenced by the ocean’s salinity and tidal variability, and have an occasional significant wave energy. Restricted lagoons form the middle of the spectrum, between the choked and leaky extremes (Kjerfve, 1986). Coastal lagoons are similar to and also different from Manmade surface runoff water collection and storage systems such as ponds, basins and lagoons. Coastal lagoons are characterised by their salt water, and by being impacted by features such as the sea’s tides, the extent of build up of the reefs separating the lagoon from the adjacent sea, and other factors relating to oceanic conditions. These conditions do not affect manmade lagoons. However, natural coastal lagoons as well as manmade lagoons are similarly influenced by rainfall. At the same time, they differ in the surface runoff water that drains into them. Coastal lagoons are m ostly polluted by the soil and other natural debris. On the other hand, the surface runoff that enters ponds, lagoons and basins frequently contains waste materials and sewage from industry, agriculture or other human activities besides soil impurities and natural deposits. Artificial Surface Runoff and Waste Water Drainage Settling Lagoons Ponds constructed for

Neurologic System Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Neurologic System - Case Study Example on leading to the paralysis, diminution in respiratory rate, elevation in systolic blood pressure, increase in pulse pressure, elevation of body temperature, inaudible speech and restiveness, convulsions and abnormal posturing. Cerebrovascular auto-regulation is the ability of brain to keep the flow of cerebral blood constant even though there are alterations in cerebral perfusion pressure (CPP). The mechanism is disrupted due to any kind of injury in the head, from mild to severe. Unfavourable outcome may result when head injury is followed by poor auto-regulation, indicating that the mechanism protects the brain against perfusion pressure-related secondary insults. It is therefore auto-regulation is determined in patients with traumatic brain injury. Auto-regulation is determined by assessing CBF, measured by transcranial Doppler (TCD) used for static and dynamic measurement of auto-regulation, other methods encompass cerebral metabolic rate for oxygen (CMRO2), waveform analysis, arterio-jugular oxygen content difference (AJDO2) (Steiner, 2003). The oculovestibular reflex is tested by caloric stimulation using irrigation with ice water. In normal subjects jerk nystagmus is elicited for about 2-3 minutes with slow component towards the irrigated ear. In unconscious patients with intact brainstem, the fast component of nystagmus disappears so that eyes are tonically deviate towards irrigated side for 2-3 minutes before returning to their original position. With impaired brainstem function the response becomes perverted and finally disappears. In metabolic coma, oculocephalic and oculovestibular reflex responses are preserved at least initially. White matter- composed of Myelinated nerve fibers. In these nerve fibers, the speed of action potential is very high. These neurons convey the action potential from sensory receptor to CNS (sensory neuron) or from CNS to effector organ (Motor

The Customer Service Perspective Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

The Customer Service Perspective - Essay Example THE MOST VIABLE OPTION As the world turns into the global village melting all the cultures and blurring all the boundaries with the use of technology, competitive landscape is much tougher than ever before. Information is easily accessible to the customers, availability of substitutes has given more power to the customers and the only choice left to the suppliers is to; â€Å"delight their customers†. Thus the rule of the game is not only to meet the requirements of the customer but to step further in creating a value for the customer. Here, Niven advises that; â€Å"companies need to offer all three – innovation, outstanding customer care and flawless execution – because of today’s hyper-competitive environment. Only then can companies meet customer expectations and succeed at performance management that translates into leadership in the marketplace and customer minds.† (Niven, 2004) Customers make the most important link in the chain of success. C ompanies have to carefully identify their potential customers, segmenting the right market and targeting the potential customers serve as competitive advantages to a company. Innovation, customer care and execution along with quality offerings are required to maintain the customer base. Since now there are so many substitutes for a product that companies need to take a leap in satisfying them by providing the best customer care services. Bollen believes that customer complain is an opportunity for the company to win his trust, loyalty and long term commitment. Only if the company gauge it right and makes the customer feels that he is being valued an enduring relationship can happen. (Bollen, 2008) Bollen has related the choice of a customer to his emotional attachment in order to make companies realize that no matter... No other perspective is given more importance than the customer perspective because no matter how good your product is if you are unable to translate its need to your customer one can’t earn the desired results. After thoroughly reading various articles from the web and examples of companies using balance score card with special important to customers perspective, I felt a lot of tilt towards innovation and value proposition of the product in order to satisfy the customer. What more I would like to add is the â€Å"human factor†. Companies should divert their attention towards customer care; employees should be given a lot of important. But since it is an internet economy and a lot of transactions take place virtually all the aspects that are used to communicate or encounter with the customers should be carefully handled. Web sites and customer portals should be user friendly and incorporate all the answers to the customer. Strong emphasis should be placed on the commun ication strategy of the business. The features and benefits of a product should be translated to the customers as per their needs and wants. Usage of jargons and words customers don’t know can be trouble shooting.

Exam 4 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 1

Exam 4 - Essay Example The state especially in the southern region devised and emphasized laws that augmented disunity among its citizens whereby whites felt they had the mandate to oppress others. This exceeded to the extent of natives claiming to have unrestrained desire of acquiring slaves whom they could use for their domestic and heavy tasks besides mistreating them. In that ancient era, the constitution and the union did not advocate or cater for Blacks’ needs in America. For instance, they were required to have written permits from their employers if they desired to pass through certain areas only preserved for whites. If they did not adhere to these requirements, they suffered severe consequences like fines, forced to work in roads or even imprisoned. This culture of slavery was more common in the southern America were civilization was the key issue then advocated to equal that of N. America. Consequently, more laborers were required who turned out to be Blacks. Southerners preferred servitu de because it was cheap in that they did not have to pay the enslaved thus ensured increased productivity. This prompted these regions being adamant in yielding to the demands of abolishing servitude to the extent of pushing even the Northerners to adopt the same mainly for economic purposes. However, Northerners disagreed completely about that issue and in turn sought its abolishment throughout America. The gap between the Northerners and Southerners’ territories slowly continued to widen due to these disagreements that remained unresolved. Initially, these disagreements about slave labor triggered civil war because the two territories failed to have adequate negotiable terms regarding the matter. Abolition of servitude spearheaded by Abraham Lincoln regime that aimed at advocating equality both socially or politically helped the entire America

AIRLINE BARGAINING PROCESS Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

AIRLINE BARGAINING PROCESS - Essay Example The labor agreement includes various basic procedures which are truly essential to be followed by the unions. According to the report on Aviation sector it has been advised that the â€Å"unions must not agree to long-term concessions but rather to define measures on a short-term basis.† A tentative labor agreement calls for improved wages, job security and increased productivity and details a mutual commitment to labor partnerships and commitment towards employers. The election of the arbitrator should be done by both employer and union. The union and the employers have to go by the final decision taken by the arbitrator. The bargaining agent should be certified by the labor board as it represents all workers in the bargaining unit and negotiates a collective agreement with the employer. Once certified the union then has the legal right to represent all employees in the unit. The bargaining units determine the group of workers who are a part of the union, who are considered by the labor board as an appropriate group to bargain and those who are covered by the same collective agreement. The bargaining unit must pay union dues whether or not the members of the union. Collective bargaining is the negotiation between a union and the employer for a collective agreement. Breaching it leads to various unhealthy labor-management relations. But â€Å"currently there is no centralized bargaining forum in the Aviation industry†. The changed law of â€Å"privatization for workers has also led to various strikes† placing â€Å"excessive demands on the unions and fragmenting worker solidarity†. Such work rules are affecting labor-management relation to a lot.

Snakes and People Are One Essay Example for Free

Snakes and People Are One Essay In the Bible, it is written Now these are to you the unclean among the swarming things which swarm on the earth: the mole, and the mouse, and the great lizard in its kinds. † Furthermore it is said that These [including the snake] are to you the unclean among all the swarming things; whoever touches them when they [the ‘swarming things’] are dead becomes unclean until evening (Leviticus 11:29 and 31). Thus many, across cultures and different religions, have equated the snake as well, with sin, pestilence and devils and demons. No wonder many of us fear the snake. Indeed the snake is fearsome for its lethal capacity given its venom and all. But how fair is it to say ‘Just be gone with this creature’? How many of us have taken this beautiful creature for granted? Or better yet, see how many of us will respond to the presence of a snake the way the young man in the following story reacted: (www. australianexplorer. com) Quite some years ago I was visiting friends in a lovely seaside spot (well very near the sea) called Pottsville in New South Wales. An appropriate name it seemed at the time. My friends had an English friend staying with them also. His name was Nigel. My friends house was a rather dilapidated old weatherboard house with natural air-conditioning, i. e. , lots of holes. Nigel decided to have a bath in the rather primitive and holey bathroom. We could hear him singing happily away. Next minute there was a shriek ARRRRGGGGHHHHHHH!!!! We heard the bathroom door slam and saw Nigel making for the woodheap, nude. He went behind the woodheap and next thing we heard was thump, thump, thump coming from the bathroom along with cries of I got you, you b I got you We all thought it might be a good idea to go and see what was bothering Nigel. Imagine our horror to see Nigel, axe in hand, standing triumphantly astraddle a very large snake cut into several large pieces. We were horrified because the snake was Bob, our friends pet ratter, a rather sweet and lugubrious carpet python of nearly 2 meters in length who had a penchant for curling up at the bottom of my friends bed. Nigel explained, somewhat incoherently, that the snake had fallen out of the roof into the bath with him. What would you have done? he asked us. Yes, what would you have done in such a situation? We reckon that many would not pity the snake in this story and would quickly empathize with the man. If that is so, then there is a need to take a better look at the serpent, this reptilian that forsook its legs. If you said yes, consider the brief points raised here. We do not only have life in this small planet, but a web of life. That web wobbles and stretches in space-time as the existence of millions and millions of species hang in a precarious balance, all nurtured by one resource: the planet Earth. Various flora (that’s plant life), mammals (that’s includes us humans), birds, fishes, insects and, of course, snakes and reptiles — all life — are interconnected. That is why scientists have raised the specter of extinction of many species of flora and fauna. If we wipe out other species, like that of the snake, we will create a significant imbalance in the ecology and create a whole in the so-called web of life that could eventually destroy it, decimating us, humans, as well. Snakes and the other so-called â€Å"ugly creatures† have become a worldwide concern especially in congested habitats where human and snake populations overlap in certain territories (Firth, Sheikh-Miller, and Woodcock, 2001). Exploitation of natural snake habitats are further forcing the two species to live together and now with the human population expected to double within the next 40 years, both snakes and humans will greatly be affected as human needs world grow exponentially as well (Ricciuti, 2001). . Well, humans and snakes can live well together. There is no doubt. Early societies have shown this. For instance, there is evidence that the early North American people have manipulated their surroundings in such a way that snake and human habitats overlap. Eyewitness accounts from the early European explorers, trappers, soldiers and missionaries affirmed that prior to their settlement in the wilderness native Indians even consume some snake species (Nagda, 2002). This is not unique to the Americas and the relationship is not only about one serving as gastronomical delight for the other. Around the world, nature has provided humans with all the resources needed in order for both humans and snakes to survive. In this arrangement throughout history, the snake has been a food source, habitat balancer (being a natural predator of smaller animals), source of unique proteins for medical use, as pets (as in our story here), as symbols for religious practice, as source of sophisticated raw materials for clothing, footwear and accessories, and then, of course, snakes are also popular subjects for art and photography. (Firth et al. , 2001) Given all these, unfortunately, snake hunting, poaching, and especially indiscriminate killing continues (Mattison, 1992). Humans, why kill wantonly? Why be unduly afraid? References Graham, B. (2008). Murder by serpents. The mystery quilt, p. 439. Mattison, C. (1992). A-Z of snake keeping, p. 143; (1992) Keeping and breeding snakes. p. 132 and 183. Nagda, A. W. (2002). Snake charmer, Vol. 1. Ricciuti, E. R. (2001). The snake almanac, 192: 116. Sheikh-Miller, J. , Woodcock, J. (2001). Snakes. Usborne discovery, p. 63. Travel stories. Retrieved 10 May 2008, from http://www. australianexplorer. com/ forum/stories/128. htm

Prudhoe Bay Oil Field: Discovery, Formation and Impacts

Prudhoe Bay Oil Field: Discovery, Formation and Impacts The Prudhoe Bay oil field: The largest oil discovery in the USA The Prudhoe Bay oil field is located in Alaska on the North Slope. The onshore field spans 214,000 acres. Due to the immense size, satellite fields are established within the field. These extract smaller quantities of oil and gas. In total, there are an estimated 24 billion bbls of OOIP and 40 tcf of OGIP (BP, 2006). The National Petroleum Reserve in Alaska (NPRA) is also in the North Slope, which is owned by the federal government. In 1944 the U.S Geographical Survey conducted an extensive exploration program on behalf of the U.S navy costing over $55 million (Morgridge, 1969). Seismic, gravity and magnetic surveys were completed and 3 oil and 6 gas reservoirs were found. Without this survey, there is little doubt this field would have been discovered so soon by ARCO and Exxon in 1968. This was followed by 8 years of legitimacy issues where surrounding lease owners including BP and Exxon resolved their equity participation for the future oil extractions. Production then began in 1977. Currently, BP is the operator of the Prudhoe Bay field and all satellite fields on the Prudhoe Bay unit. ConocoPhillips and ExxonMobil have the highest joint percentage ownership of 36% each followed by BP (26%) and lastly Chevron (1%) (BP, 2013). The stratigraphy and structural formations made it possible for the reservoir to form. During rifting, rocks were uplifted which gave rise to an unconformity; these rocks were buried again, giving rise to an unconformity trap. Figure 1 shows the cross section of the field and the most important reservoir is found in the Sadlerochit group. The western boundary of this reservoir is sealed by the structural straddle in the upper surface on the reservoir. A stratigraphic trap seals the reservoir; this is an unconformable layer composed of a cretaceous mudstone. At the start of production the depth of oil bearing sandstone was 600ft, recently the thickness average is 60ft. (Jamison, Brockett and McIntosh, 1983, pp. 279–302) The deposition of the sadlerochit layer occurred under 2 separate conditions giving rise to an upper and lower sequence, containing different compositions. The main composition of the lower sequence ranges is clastic sediments, such as sandstone. This was derived through a northerly source, and crucially deposition occurred in a shallow-marine environment – the believed source of the petroleum. The sediments from the upper layer were derived from the south where non-marine alluvial complexes were present. Figure 2 shows the age of the reservoir is the Triassic age and visually shows the sadlerochit group and the different rocks present including the dipping that occurs. The Ivishak layer contains sandstone and has a slight dip of 2O south; this layer produces the largest proportion of the oil in the field (Erickson and Sneider, 1997, pp. 18–22). The permeability varies across the field. The Ivishak layer is subdivided into 8 vertical zones and in descending order these zones are 4B, 4A, 3, 2C, 2B, 2A, 1B, and 1A. Zones are defined by the individual petrophysical properties of each vertical section. The permeability in each individual zone varies considerably, for example in zone 2A there is a 100-fold difference in minimum and maximum values- 25md to 2500md. This difference implies that there is a vast change in the pore system, not the magnitude of porosity (Sneider and Erickson, 1997, pp. 23–30). Figure 4 shows the varying rock type and thickness, as well as the geophysical properties. For example, the low gamma ray count indicates the presence of silt and shale. Development of the field has been hugely successful. There were 25 billion bbls of oil, of which only 9.6 billion bbls was initially thought to be recoverable. This estimate has increased to 13 billion bbls due to technological advances in enhanced oil recovery (EOR) and through gas reinjection programs (ConocoPhillips, 2006). Of these 13 billion bbls, 11.3 billion bbls of oil has been extracted. Production rates of oil began to exceed one million bbls in 1969 and peaked in 1987 to 1.6 million bbls a day (Alaska Department of Administration, 2013). Since 1991 daily output began to decline annually at a rate of 7-12% a year; this is shown through Figure 5 (Standing, 2000). Nowadays, the Prudhoe Bay field produces 271,000 bbls of oil a day. Miscible gas injection is a successful EOR method used in Prudhoe Bay. Miscible gas acts as a solvent, vaporizing the oil from the residual oil content, thus more oil reaches the producing wells (BP, 2006). Once miscible gas is injected, water is then pumped into the reservoir. This method increases efficiency by preventing gas channeling within the reservoir. This EOR method is known as water-alternating-gas. In 1983, the Prudhoe Bay miscible gas project began. The project aimed to optimise the oil recovery of the field by carrying out a number of trials where the amount of miscible gas injected was varied. Each trial was ranked in order of efficiency in terms of produced oil and in respect to the amount of solvent retained in the reservoir (Alaska Oil and Gas Conservation Commission, 1983). The most efficient injection ratio remained which is one of the reasons the ultimate recovery is around 60% of the initial reserves. Of this 60%, the miscible gas injection contributes up to 10% of the recovery in certain areas. This project occurred early in the field’s production increasing the oil production from the onset. Oil extracted from the Prudhoe Bay field is transported along the Trans-Alaska Pipeline System (TAPS). The TAPS spans from the Prudhoe Bay field to the Valdez Marine terminal located 800 miles away; here up to 7.13 million barrels of oil can be stored which can then be loaded on tankers (Alyeska Pipeline Service Company, 2011). Without the pipeline, resources extracted from the North Slope cannot be monetised as the product cannot reach the market for sale due to the field’s location. The TAPS was the largest privately funded construction when built, costing $8 billion; since then, 16 billions barrels of oil has been transport to the Valdez Marine terminal (ConocoPhillips , 2014). However, the decline of oil output is soon to be an issue; with no investment, the minimum flow rate may occur as soon as 2045, which will lead to the shutdown of the TAPS. This is because, if flow rate is not achieved, corrosion and ice will occur to a greater extent causing the pipe to wrinkle and kink. Gas is just as important a resource as oil. Since a gas pipeline from the North Slope is non-existent; gas is not marketable as it cannot be transported away from the North Slope. Since startup, the majority of the gas extracted with the oil was re-injected into the reservoir to enhance oil recovery while some supports power the production plants. Gas and water are separated from the oil at a separation plant where the gas is then transported to the world largest central gas facility (CGF) that is located in Prudhoe Bay. The CGF can handle 9 bcf of gas daily and has the world largest smokeless flare where excess gas is burnt. The gas in the CGF is cooled and separated according to the size of the gas particles, the cooling facility alone costs $1 billion to build (BP, 2006). Most of the larger natural gas liquids are mixed with the oil and sent along the TAPS. The rest is mixed with methane giving a miscible gas, which is injected into the reservoir as an EOR method. The unused gas i s sent to the central compression plant (CCP), where it is compressed and injected into the reservoir to maintain pressure, which aids oil recovery. Consequently, since production the reservoir pressure has only declined by 1000 psi (4300 to 3300psi) (Weaver and Uldrich, 1999). The future prospects of the field are less promising due to the depletion of the oil. However, these prospects can be restored if the Alaskan gas pipeline is approved. The Alaska liquefied natural gas project (LNG) would be one of the world’s largest construction projects with estimated costs of $45 billion to $65 billion, funded by Exxon, ConocoPhillips and BP (Alaska Natural Gas Transportation Projects, 2014). The project includes an 800-mile pipeline shown in figure 6 spanning from Prudhoe Bay to Nikiski. LNG carriers would then transport the liquefied natural gas (LNG). The project includes a purpose built liquefaction plants and a gas purifying plant to remove carbon dioxide and other impurities. The pipeline will have the capacity to carry up to 3.5 billion cubic feet of gas, while the LNG plant will be capable of making up to 20 million metric tons of LNG a year (processing 2.5 billion cubic feet a day). This project would allow the gas extracted to be monetised and exp orted to countries with a free trade agreement with the United States. This includes South Korea, which is the second largest LNG importer (Hong, 2013). This project will increase the field’s economic outcome, attracting further investment. The productivity of the field is improved by establishing satellite fields. Figure 7 illustrates the 5 satellite fields. The Polaris and Orion satellite field produces the viscous oil in the formation that is difficult to extract at a depth of 4000-5000 ft. In comparison Midnight Sun extracts the hydrocarbon from a sandstone formation at a depth of 8000 ft. The Aurora and Borealis fields are established on similar formations. These fields combined contribute to around 30,000 barrels of oil a day (BP,2013). The satellite fields use existing infrastructure, which meant that the field was being optimised further by increase production while the initial costs were kept low. It is important to consider the impacts of oil and gas production in Prudhoe Bay. Approximately 2% of the land surface in the region has been altered due to the oil industry. Monitoring species diversity in the region has shown that there is little change due to this alteration. In fact, most animals use the oil field for nesting, breeding and summer forage. Some habitat has been lost which has resulted in some species being localised, however, there was no decline in population. This shows that the impacts of the oil industry on the North Slope are negligible showing sustainable development (Maki, 1992, pp. 1691–1707). Following the decline in production, exploration was renewed, which led to the discovery of two previously unutilised areas. The areas are in the west region of the field and the Sag River formation, which overlies the main Prudhoe Bay reservoir. Due to the potential of these new areas, BP has increased investment in Alaska by 25% to $1.2 billion. Part of this investment will be used to conduct a 190 square mile seismic survey and a new well pad. It is estimated that the investment may increase production by 40,000bpd, thus reduce the likelihood of the TAPS shutdown as minimum flow rate is easily overcome (Platts, 2014). The Sag River formation is a thin unexploited reservoir in which a 15 well test program will be conducted during 2015 and 2016. The success of this could enable a future 200 wells being built, this may yield 200 million barrels of oil once developed. The Western part of the field hasn’t been fully exploited yet with only the Borealis satellite field tapping in to a reservoir that is in a lower position than the main reservoir. Continuing west, the oil column reduces in thickness at times being only 30ft, this is in the Northwest Eileen. Horizontal drilling will be needed to maximize extraction of the thin oil column; this comes with the associated risks of water encroachment on top of the increased cost due to horizontal drilling (Bailey, 2013). Due to these issues, the decision to develop the Northwest Eileen is still in the pipeline and if approved would further increase production rates. To conclude, the possibilities and the history of Prudhoe Bay make it attractable to investors. Prudhoe Bay is a giant field where majority of the oil has been extracted resulting in a decline in production rates. The TAPS is vital for the success of the field and if minimum flow rate is not achieved then the oil can no longer be transported and sold. Investments to the pipeline will mean that minimum flow rate can be lowered extending the life of the TAPS. There are no plans of abandonment due to the likelihood of future proposals being successful. The liquefied natural gas project alone would be highly profitable and successful for investors as around 40 tcf of gas is still present. If the future exploration projects are successful in areas such as the Sag River formation then oil production will begin to increase. A successful future of the field is dependent of these tests but if encouraging, investors will be in a privileged position. Bibliography: Alaska Department of Administration (2013)AOGCC Pool Statistics. Alaska Natural Gas Transportation Projects (2014)Alaska LNG project. Alaska Natural Gas Transportation Projects. Available at: http://www.arcticgas.gov/alaska-lng-project (Accessed: 6 December 2014). Alaska Oil and Gas Conservation Comnission (1983)PRUDHOE BAY MISCIBLE GAS PROJECT. Alyeska Pipeline Service Company (2011)The Valdez Marine Terminal. Alyeska 2011. Available at: http://www.alyeska-pipe.com/TAPS/ValdezTerminalAndTankers (Accessed: 6 December 2014). Arctic Gas (2013)Alaska natural gas pipeline projects guide, maps. Arcticgas.gov. Available at: http://www.arcticgas.gov/alaska-natural-gas-pipeline-projects-guide-and-maps (Accessed: 16 December 2014). Bailey, A. (2013) ‘BP looks to new development at Prudhoe Bay to help stem decline’, Petroleum News, August. BP (2013)Greater Prudhoe Bay. Available at: http://www.bp.com/content/dam/bp/pdf/bp-worldwide/prudhoe-bay-2013.pdf (Accessed: 6 December 2014). BP (2006)Prudhoe Bay factsheet. Available at: https://dec.alaska.gov/spar/perp/response/sum_fy06/060302301/factsheets/060302301_factsheet_PB.pdf (Accessed: 6 December 2014). ConocoPhillips (2006) ‘Viscous oil the Slope’s next major proven oil opportunity’,Arctic Energy: For today and tomorrow. ConocoPhillips (2014)Trans-Alaska Pipeline System (TAPS). Available at: http://alaska.conocophillips.com/who-we-are/alaska-operations/Pages/trans-alaska-pipeline-system.aspx (Accessed: 6 December 2014). Division of Oil and Gas (1996) ‘Generalised North Slope Stratigraphic column displaying oil and gas reservoirs and associated columns’. Erickson, J. W. and Sneider, R. M. (1997) ‘Structural and Hydrocarbon Histories of The Ivishak (Sadlerochit) Reservoir, Prudhoe Bay Field’,SPE Reservoir Engineering, 12(01), pp. 18–22. doi: 10.2118/28574-pa. Hamilton, J. (2007) ‘The challenge of depletion’. Holstein, E. D. and Warner, H. R. (1994) ‘Overview of Water Saturation Determination For the Ivishak (Sadlerochit) Reservoir, Prudhoe Bay Field’,SPE Annual Technical Conference and Exhibition. doi: 10.2118/28573-ms. Hong, C. H. (2013) ‘South Korea LNG Imports Climb 19 Percent on Higher Power Demand’, Bloomberg, November. Jamison, H., Brockett, L. and McIntosh, R. (1983) ‘Chapter 13 Palaeogeomorphic and Unconformity Traps’,Developments in Petroleum Science, pp. 279–302. doi: 10.1016/s0376-7361(08)70097-9. Maki, A. (1992) ‘Of measured risks: The environmental impacts of the Prudhoe Bay, alaska, oil field’, Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry, 11(12), pp. 1691–1707. doi: 10.1002/etc.5620111204. Morgridge, D. (1969) ‘Geology and Discovery of Prudhoe Bay Field, Eastern Arctic Slope, Alaska: ABSTRACT’, AAPGAAPG Bulletin. doi: 10.1306/5d25cc57-16c1-11d7-8645000102c1865d. Platts (2014) ‘BP to hike 2014 Alaska investment 25% to $1.2 bil, plans new projects’, Bradner, T., February. Sneider, R. M. and Erickson, J. W. (1997) ‘Rock Types, Depositional History, and Diagenetic Effects, Ivishak Reservoir, Prudhoe Bay Field’,SPE Reservoir Engineering, 12(01), pp. 23–30. doi: 10.2118/28575-pa. Standing, T. H. (2000) ‘Data shows steep Prudhoe Bay production decline.’,Oil Gas Journal. Weaver, J. W. and Uldrich, D. O. (1999) ‘Optimizing Solvent Allocation in the Prudhoe Bay Miscible Gas Project’,SPE Western Regional Meeting. doi: 10.2118/54615-ms.

Smoking Rates and Cessation Strategies in Hong Kong

Smoking Rates and Cessation Strategies in Hong Kong The investigation about the knowledge on the risk treatment of smoking among IVE student Group member: Au Wai Mei Au YikHin Chan Ching Yu Chan Cho Ping   Chan Chui Po   Chan Chun Sing   Chan Hiu Yee Fibby This literature can help us to clarify our project for investigate about knowledge of smoking among teenagers in IVE. Nowadays, smoking is common. Although the prevalence of smoking is decreased in recent years in HK, there is still lot of people especially teenagers smoking around us. Therefore, face this problem to reduce the rate of smoke. Prevalence of smoking in HK among teenager There were 707,900 current smokers at the time of enumeration, accounting for 11.8% of all persons aged 15 and over in Hong Kong. Of those 707 900 current smokers, 648 800 were daily smokers and 59 100 were non-daily smokers. In addition, there were 347 800ex-daily smokers who previously had a daily smoking habit, representing 5.8% of all persons aged 15 and over.Of the 645 000 daily cigarette smoker, analyzed by age group, 65.7% were aged 40 and over; 22.2% were aged 30 39; 10.7% were aged 20 29 and 1.3% were aged15 – 19((see Census and Statistics Department Hong Kong Special Administrative Region) Moreover, the daily cigarette smokers by age and daily consumption of cigarettes which is the 84.9à ¯Ã‚ ¼Ã¢â‚¬ ¦of the daily cigarette smokers consumed 1 10 cigarettes in a day in 15-19 of age group. Meanwhile, over 15à ¯Ã‚ ¼Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ of the daily cigarette smokers consumed more than 10 cigarettes in a day of it group. So that, we know that the prevalence and the times of smoking per day(see ASH) On the other hand,our one of objectiveis to know the reason why of smoking among teens. We searched some literatures which show the most of reason is peer influence. The other one is out of curiosity because teenagers want to try something. Other commonly cited reasons included â€Å"influence of family members, necessity in social functionsandrefreshing one’s mindetc(see Why you smoke by Gloria Meyer). Therefore, this literature can help us to do some project for investigate about knowledge of smoking among teenagers in IVE. Risk factor Passive smoking Nowadays, a lot of people have smoking habit in Hong Kong. Therefore, it will make people always exposure passive smoking via their parent, friends or outdoor environment. A recent study stated that there are about 600,000 people death of second-hand smoking and 21,400 people was got lung cancer in 2004. [seeMattias O., 2011.] It can see that passive smoking is affected our health or even will die. Compare with other study, it stated that people exposed passive smoking before age 25 that will have higher lung cancer risk than after age 25 years. [seeKofi A.,2008] It can see that people who younger than age 25 will be higher risk to get lung cancer when exposing passive smoking. On the other hand, ischemic heart disease also is a higher risk in passive smoking, there are about 379,000 people death of this disease. [seeMattias O., 2011.] In addition, one of study stated that passive smoking is associated with a small increase in the risk of coronary heart disease. [seeJIANG HE.,1999] However, this study was done a new investigation in 2005, it stated that passive smoking is rapidly affect cardiovascular system and the effect is nearly as large as smoking .[see Joaquin B.,2005.] It can see that heart disease will become a serious problem about the risk of passive smoking. Cardiovascular disease Some people may think tobacco is a great invention and there are nearly one billion people smoking in the earth. However, Tobacco contains more than 7000 chemicals and many of them are toxic.(See Benjamin, R. B.,2010) World Health Organization asserted that â€Å"Tobacco kills nearly 6 million people each year†. (seeTobacco, n.d.) According to the article, the main disease caused by tobacco is cancer. In America, there are near 6.5 million of people deaths caused by Smoking-related cancers since 1965 to 2014.(see Koh,H.K.,2014) Tobacco smoking can cause cancer everywhere in the body and both men and women, such as kidney, liver, bladder, trachea cancer. Lung cancer is easy to find in the smokers and nearly 9 of 10 lung cancer cause by smoking. (seeLushniak, B. L. 2014). A study has found that smoking can increase the risk factors of myocardial infarction, stroke, sudden cardiac death, peripheral vascular disease and aortic aneurysm. (seeBullen, C. B. 2008). Although the tobacco can change the blood chemical and damage the cardio system, most of the patient can repaired the damage of cardio system after they have smoking cessation. 3.  Respiratory diseases Respiratory diseases of smoking can be divided into Asthma and Allergic Rhinitis.Smoking during pregnancy is strongly related to fetal growth impairment, reduced lung function at birth and subsequent development of asthma. In conclusion, both ETS and personal smoking were significantly related to asthma and wheeze in teenagers. (seeHedman al,2011) The development of asthma-like symptoms during a 6-year period was associated with three independent risk factors: hyperresponsiveness to methacholine, atopy, and smoking. Smoking behavior was related to airway lability, but not to atopy. (seeRasmussenet al,2000) Cigarette smoke in there more than 4000 kinds of chemical ingredients, including: nicotine, tar, a large number of toxic substances. Female smokers suffering from asthma was significantly greater than men. ( Rasmussenet al,2000) Smoking can irritate the trachea, narrowing the airway, making asthma symptoms worse. Cigarette smoke inhalation after airway, not only produces airway per manent contraction, so that they are narrow and can affect expectoration function. (see Gallagher al,2014) Prieto et al findings are in line with previous studies that demonstrated an increased responsiveness to methacholine and adenosine 5-monophosphate(AMP) in a proportion of nonsmokers with allergic rhinitis. Furthermore, smokers with allergic rhinitis have a higher prevalence of airway hyperresponsiveness to methacholine, confirms the observations of the study of Buczko and Zamel.(see Prieto et al, 2003) Among children and adolescents, significant associations between both active and passive smoking and allergic rhinitis and allergic dermatitis, and passive smoking was associated with an increased risk for food allergy.(see Saulyte et al, 2014) Treatment Medication Medication therapy is an effective smoking cessation method. There are severalways to help smokers quit smoking. Nicotine Replacement Therapy (NRT) is the most widely used. These medications that contain nicotine are called Nicotine Replacement Therapy (NRT). NRT delivers nicotine to the body without the dangerous chemicals found in cigarettes. NRT is available at the pharmacy without a prescription as a nicotine inhaler (Nicorette ® Inhaler), nicotine lozenge (Nicorette ®, Thrive ®), nicotine patch (Nicoderm ®) and nicotine gum (Nicorette ®). Nicotine lozenges Nicotine lozenges are absorbed through the cheeks. When the smoker has a cigarette craving, they can use the lozenges which come in different strengths and flavours. The smoker and the health care provider can decide what strength to start with based on the smoker withdrawal symptoms. Nicotine inhaler Nicotine inhaler replaces the nicotine the smoker will get in cigarettes and other tobacco products. This inhaler is a plastic mouthpiece that the smoker puffs on. Then, put a cartridge that contains nicotine into the mouthpiece and puff. In this treatment, the nicotine is absorbed through the cheeks and the back of the throat. It does not go into the lungs. When the smoker has a cigarette craving, it can use the inhaler. Nicotine gum Nicotine gum is using for quitting smoke. Nicotine gum needs for use more than 30 minutes. When you have a craving for tobacco dependency, you can use nicotine gum for replace cigarette. Using nicotine products can prevent unpleasant craving and withdrawal symptoms. So you can quit smoke step by step. Also there have some disadvantage of nicotine gum. Nicotine gum is not suitable for wear dentures and someone doesnot like the taste of the gum. Non-medication This part is considered with the aspect of behavior. According to the research article aboutNatural history of attempts to stop smoking that shown Cessation is a more chronic, complex, and dynamic process.(see Hughes.,2014) Base on this, we are consider with what type of self-behavior should be efficacy with smoke cessation. Then, the exercise plus contingency management had been decreased craving but it did not affect smoking behavior.(see Kurti.,2014) and self-efficacy has been representing an importance source of therapeutic change in smoking cessation counseling.(see Schuck.,2014) The above treatment are not the popular treatment of the smoke cessation. An intensive training program for behavioral health professionals increased tobacco treatment and patient quit attempts.(See Williams.,2014) Through combine with self-behavior and prescribing can increase the effect. The special point of this research is needed to hire a professional to provide training to smoker. But the medications are not use. In addition, the research present that the workplace are the related issue for the smoke cessation. The workplace has potential as a setting through which large groups of people can be reached to encourage smoking cessation.(see Cahil.2013) there is the area to encourage the smoker cessation. It is likely to smoking free area that can control the smoker no smoke in this area. Conclusion Smoking is common social issue in Hong Kong and there is lots of knowledge about smoking. For the risk of smoking and passive smoking both would affect respiratory and cardiovascular system in the body. Also, it is necessary that to encourage people to quit smoking. And there are lots of cessation ways to help people quit smoking. It includes medication and non-medication aspects. The important thing is the smoker should discuss the plans to quit smoking with the health care provider and pharmacist to assess the smoker health suitable use the treatment. References: Allen, H. (2012). Nicotine products. EMIS. Retrieved Oct 10, 2014, from http://www.patient.co.uk/medicine/Nicotine-products.htm ASH. (2014). Smoking statistics who smokes and how much. Action on smoking and health, 1-4. Retrieved Oct 7, 2014, from http://ash.org.uk/files/documents/ASH_106.pdf Asomaning, K., Miller, D. P., Liu, G., Wain, J. C., Lynch, T. J., Su, L., Christiani, D. C. (2008). Second hand smoke, age of exposure and lung cancer risk. Lung Cancer. 61(1), 13-20. Retrieved Oct 7, 2014, from http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2515267/ Barnoya, J., Glantz, Stanton. A. (2005). Cardiovascular Effects of Secondhand Smoke: Nearly as Large as Smoking. Circulation, 111(20). Retrieved Oct 7, 2014, from http://circ.ahajournals.org/content/111/20/2684.long Benjamin, R. B. (2010). A Report of the Surgeon General How Tobacco Smoke Causes Disease. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Retrieved Oct 4, from http://www.cdc.gov/tobacco/data_statistics/sgr/2010/consumer_booklet/pdfs/consumer.pdf Bullen, C. B. (2008). Impact of Tobacco Smoking And Smoking Cessation On Cardiovascular Risk And Disease. U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, 6(6), 883-895. Retrieved October 4, from http://www.cancernz.org.nz/Uploads/TobaccoHeartDiseasePaper.pdf Cahil, K., Lancaster, T. (2014). Workplace interventions for smoking cessation. Cochrane Database Syst Rev., 1465-1858. Retrieved Oct 6, 2014, from http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/14651858.CD003440.pub4/pdf He, J.,Vupputuri, S.,Allen, K.,Prerost, M. R.,Hughes, J., Whelto, P. K. (1999). Passive Smoking and the Risk of Coronary Heart Disease-A Meta-Analysis of EpidemiologicStudies. The New England Journal of Medicine, 340(12). Retrieved Oct 7, 2014, from http://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJM199903253401204 Hedman, L.,Bjerg, A.,Sundberg, S.,Forsberg, B., Rà ¶nmark, E. (2010). Both environmental tobacco smoke and personal smoking is related to asthma and wheeze in teenagers. BMJ, 66(1). Retrieved Oct 7, 2014, from http://thorax.bmj.com/content/early/2010/11/02/thx.2010.143800 Hughes, J. R., Solomon, L. J.,Naud, S., Fingar, J. R., Helzer, J. E. Callas, P. W. (2014). Naturalhistory of attempts to stop smoking. Nicotine Tob Res, 16 (9), 1190-1198. Retrieved Oct 3, 2014, from http://ntr.oxfordjournals.org/cgi/pmidlookup?view=longpmid=24719491 Kenny, T. (2012). Pregnancy and Smoking. EMIS. Retrieved Oct 6, 2014, from http://www.patient.co.uk/health/pregnancy-and-smoking Kenny, T. (2012). Smoking The Facts. EMIS. Retrieved Oct 10, 2014, fromhttp://www.patient.co.uk/health/smoking-the-facts Kenny, T. (2012). Tips To Help You Stop Smoking. EMIS. Retrieved Oct 6, 2014, from http://www.patient.co.uk/health/tips-to-help-you-stop-smoking Kenny, T. (2013). Nicotine Replacement Therapy. EMIS. Retrieved Oct 6, 2014,fromhttp://www.patient.co.uk/health/nicotine-replacement-therapy Kenny, T. (2013). Nicotine Replacement Therapy. EMIS. Retrieved Oct 10, 2014, from http://www.patient.co.uk/health/nicotine-replacement-therapy Knott, L. (2013). Smoking Cessation. EMIS. Retrieved Oct 6, 2014, from http://www.patient.co.uk/doctor/smoking-cessation-pro Koh, H. K. (2014). The Health Consequences of Smoking—50 Years of Progress A Report of the Surgeon General Executive Summary, U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, 13. Retrieved Oct 4, from http://www.surgeongeneral.gov/library/reports/50-years-of-progress/exec-summary.pdf Kurti, A. N. Dallery, J. (2014). A laboratory-based evaluation of exerciseplus contingency management for reducing cigarette smoking. Drug Alcohol Depend. Retrieved Oct 3, 2014, from http://ac.els-cdn.com/S0376871614010746/1-s2.0-S0376871614010746-main.pdf?_tid=d35f9bf0-5343-11e4-9e1f-00000aab0f6cacdnat=1413251330_7f7ff077eae4b5b0ffff64d105eed529 Lam, T. S., Tse, L. A., Yu, I. T. (2008). Prevalence of smoking and environmental tobacco smoke exposure, and attitudes and beliefs towards tobacco control among Hong Kong medical students. ScienceDirect, 1-5. Retrieved Oct 7, 2014, from http://www.sph.cuhk.edu.hk/mph/doc/TS Forrest Lam.pdf Lushniak, B. L. (2014). LET’S MAKE THE NEXT GENERATION TOBACCO-FREE Your Guide to the 50th Anniversary Surgeon General’s Report on Smoking and Health. U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. Retrieved Oct 4, 2014, from http://www.surgeongeneral.gov/library/reports/50-years-of-progress/consumer-guide.pdf MCGHEE, S. M., CHEN, J., LAM, T. H., LAU, L., LAI, V. (2014). Expansion of Statutory Smoke-free Area and Tobacco Tax Raise. Tobacco Control Policy-related Survey 2012-2013. Hong Kong Council on Smoking and Health, 167-195. Retrieved Oct 7, 2014, from http://www.cosh.org.hk/UserFiles/resources/about_us/annual_reports/COSH_Annual_Report_2013_2014.pdf Meyer, G., Baker, T., Fox, B., Smith, S., Fiore, M., Meyer, G., Redmond, L., Remington, P., Ahrens, D., Christianson, A. (2002). Why People Smoke. INSIGHTS: SMOKING IN WISCONSIN. Deb Christianson, 1-16. Retrieved Oct 7, 2014, from http://www.ctri.wisc.edu/Publications/publications/WhyPeopleSmokefl.pdf Note: smoking cessation medication Oberg, M., Jaakkola, M. S., Woodward, A., Peruga, A., Pruss-Ustun, A. (2011). Worldwide burden of disease from exposure to second-hand smoke: a retrospective analysis of data from 192 countries. The Lancet, 377, 139–146. Retrieved Oct 7, 2014, from http://www.who.int/quantifying_ehimpacts/publications/smoking.pdf Okuyemi, K. S.,Zheng, H.,Guo, H., Ahluwalia, J. S. (2010). Predictors of adherence to nicotine gumand counseling among African-American light smokers. J Gen Intern Med, 25(9), 969-976. Retrieved Oct 10, 2014, from http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2917663/ Polosa, R.,Knoke, J. D.,Russo, C.,Piccillo, G.,Caponnetto, P.,Sarvà  , M.,Proietti, L., Al-Delaimy, W. K. (2008). Cigarette smokingisassociatedwith agreaterrisk ofincidentasthmainallergic rhinitis. Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, 121(6), 1428-1434. Retrieved Oct 7, 2014, from http://www.jacionline.org/article/S0091-6749(08)00593-9/abstract Prieto, L.,Gutià ©rrez, V.,Uixera, S.,Bertà ³, J.M. (2003). Effectofcigarette smokingonairwayresponsivenesstoadenosine5-monophosphateinsubjectswithallergic rhinitis. Chest Journal, 123(4), 993-997. Retrieved Oct 7, 2014, from http://journal.publications.chestnet.org/article.aspx?articleid=1081484 Rasmussen, F.,Siersted, H.C.,Lambrechtsen, J.,Hansen, H. S., Hansen, N.C. (2000). Impact of airway lability, atopy, and tobacco smoking on the development of asthma-like symptoms in asymptomatic teenagers. Chest Journal, 117(5), 1330-1335. Retrieved Oct 7, 2014, from http://journal.publications.chestnet.org/article.aspx?articleid=1078840 Saulyte, J.,Regueira, C.,Montes-Martà ­nez, A.,Khudyakov, P.,Takkouche, B.(2014). Active or Passive Exposure to Tobacco Smoking and Allergic Rhinitis, Allergic Dermatitis, and Food Allergy in Adults and Children: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. PLSO, 11(3). Retrieved Oct 7, 2014, from http://www.plosmedicine.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pmed.1001611 Schuck, K., Otten, R., Kleinjan, M., Bricker, J. B., Engels, R. C. (2014). Self-efficacy and acceptance of cravings to smoke underlie the effectiveness of quitline counseling for smoking cessation. Drug and Alcohol Dependence, 142, 269-276. Retrieved Oct 5, 2014, from http://ac.els-cdn.com/S0376871614009600/1-s2.0-S0376871614009600-main.pdf?_tid=51a32126-5344-11e4-8f4b-00000aab0f6bacdnat=1413251542_34aea21f4d3dddca1699faa1a5ae933b Sheyab, N. A., Alomari, M. A., Shah, S., Gallagher, P., Gallagher, R. (2014). Prevalence, Patterns and Correlates of Cigarette Smoking in Male Adolescents in Northern Jordan, and the Influence of Waterpipe Use and Asthma Diagnosis: A Descriptive Cross-Sectional Study. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 11(9), 9008-9023. Retrieved Oct 7, 2014, from http://www.mdpi.com/1660-4601/11/9/9008 Social Surveys Section. (2013). Thematic Household Survey Report No. 53.Pattern of smoking. Publications Unit of CSD, 8-33. 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Essay --

Hutchinson-Gilford Progeria Syndrome â€Å"Progeria† or â€Å"HGPS† is a rare and fatal genetic condition characterized by an appearance of accelerated aging in children. This disease affects approximately 1 in 4-8 million newborns with an estimated 200-250 children living with Progeria worldwide. It affects both sexes equally and all races. Children who are born with Progeria may not exhibit symptoms until the first year of life often characterized by; growth failure, loss of body fat and hair, aged-looking skin and stiffness of joints. As children get older some of the many conditions they suffer from are osteoporosis, generalized atherosclerosis, cardiovascular disease and stroke. Many to all children affected by Progeria die of atherosclerosis at an average age of thirteen (Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A, 2012) ( The Progeria Handbook; A Guide for Families and Health Care Providers of Children with Progeria, Chapter 3, 2010.) A student with Progeria would qualify as an OHI under IDEA because they would have limited strength due to their small stature and bone afflictions. Vitality and/or alertness would also be affected because many students don’t have enough stamina for a full school day without rests. Students are also at a greater risk for heart complications and other health emergencies that may need proper monitoring throughout the school day by a caretaker. All of these and many more issues are due to their chronic health problems which adversely affect the pupil’s educational performance (Parent Information Network, 2008) (Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A, 2012) ( The Progeria Handbook; A Guide for Families and Health Care Providers of Children with Progeria, Chapter 3, 2010) ( The Progeria Handbook; A Guide for Families and Health Care Pr... ...gns of stroke, heart failure, or what to do in the case of a seizure. This information will be invaluable in the case of an emergency. In addition, students with Progeria may be on many medications, the school nurse as well as other staff need be aware of this and their possible side effects. All of this and much of the information above need to be included in the child’s IHCP. Although this disease is rare it’s not impossible to be faced with a child whom is afflicted; with proper parent and staff communications the child can have a positive and accomplished schooling experience ("Ihcp - individualized," ) ("Individual health care," ) ( The Progeria Handbook; A Guide for Families and Health Care Providers of Children with Progeria, Chapter 3, 2010) ( The Progeria Handbook; A Guide for Families and Health Care Providers of Children with Progeria, Chapter 16, 2010.)

Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder Essay -- ADHD Research Paper

Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder is a prevalent in today’s classrooms. There are many co-existing communication difficulties associated with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. In this paper I will discuss the nature of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, its common communication characteristics, and the implications of these characteristics socially, emotionally and academically as well as communication strategies that teachers may use to ensure that students with this disorder may be included in a regular class setting. Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder is also known by its abbreviated name ADHD. The American Family Physician (2001) states that â€Å"at least 9% of school aged children have ADHD†. ADHD is described as â€Å"a complex neurobehavioral disorder characterized by varying degrees of inattention, hyperactivity and impulsivity† (American Family Physician, 2001). Characteristics of ADHD can be divided into three categories, impulsiveness, inattention and hyperactivity and can include the following: †¢ Excessive talking †¢ Blurting †¢ Interrupting †¢ Not following directions †¢ Off task behavior †¢ Poor Self-Regulation †¢ Distractability †¢ Poor follow through on tasks (Okmi & Kaiser, 2000) It is important to note that some visual and hearing problems may also cause these behaviors. Medical doctors must diagnose ADHD and will rule out these problems before diagnosis. ADHD is a genetic disorder and is highly heritable, this is also important to think of when diagnosing ADHD (Tannock, 2013). Doctors diagnose patients by reading rating scales that the child’s teacher and parents both fill out and listening to anecdotal information of people involved in the child’s life. They also shou... ... K., & Kaiser, A. (2000). Language Characteristics of Children with ADHD. Communication Disorders Quarterly, 21(3), 154-165. Ostrander, R., & Herman, K. (2006). Potential Cognitive, Parenting and Developmental Mediators of the Relationship Between ADHD and Depression. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 74(1), 89-98 Tannock, R. (n.d.). Language and Mental Health Disorders: The Case of ADHD. Language and Mental Health Disorders: The Case of ADHD. Retrieved October 20, 2013, from http://www.cas.uio.no/Publications/Seminar Wymbs, B. (2011). Mechanisms underlying the influence of disruptive child behaviour on interparental communication. Journal of Family Psychology, 25(6), 873-884. Zentall, S. (2005). Contributors to the social goals and outcomes of students with ADHD with and without LD. International Journal of Educational Research, 43, 290-307